2.
   2021
/   
 
[   (1799-1966)]
 : 3     :100
:                 
1.                 
2.           
3.  -            '       
         '   
4.                   
       
5.                 '       
 '     ?
6.              
7. 1947           
2.
8. 1966        
   2021
/   
 
[   (1799-1966)]
 : 3     :100
:                 
1.                 
: - 
             
  
               , 
   
   ,          
        ,      
,         ,     '  
    
                  
'  
; ,  ,  ,      
               
    
  ?
     ,         
2.
""     ""  ""  
    
              
  ,     ,         
      ,          
             -    
 '  

   
      
;           
               
 
  '     ,     :
    
  ,   
   
           
          
     
                
  
            
 ,            
             
    
          
  
      ( )        
             
   
  :
               
  ,        ,     
2.
    -    -      
    
 :  
      ,   '        
 
                ,
      
    1799          
  
             
,        
 ,              
  
     
 ,        
      
  :
       ,         
         ,  
   
   

     ( )
             
    
    
    ,            
     ,      -       
    
          
    
  :
        :
  ',     
  ',    
  - ,      
2.
     
             
                  -
               
           
  :
        ,     - 
            '  

   
               :
1.   
   ,        
2.   
          ,       
  
3.   
    
         
4.        
         ,         
   
,     
   :
     
     
     ,    
    
   '     
2.
     ?
  ,            
               

  -       ,  - 
    
 ,          
  -
   
         

          , ,  
            '      
 ';   ,        
  ',             
              
-            
 ,        
  ;    
               

      ,        
   
2.           
:1.   
  1801         ,    
   ,   -        
        ,        - 
       
                 
  ,     
2.
2.      
   ,           -
               
             
    ' ,      
        
      ,  ( )  
        
               
 
3.   
              -
  ,      :
  ( ):    , ,  
  
  ( ):   ,    ,   

  (    ):          
     
 ()  
                 
  ,       
4.      
               ,
                :
     
   ,       
       -       
 
                
                 
        
5.    
2.
             ,     
  
  ,         
           " " 
 -  
    ,       
6.   
                ,
                
 ,   
         
7.       
, 
   -              
         
,     
  
 
8.     
        ,        
                 
        ' 
          ,        
  
9.      
     ,      
    
       
   ,    
        
         ,        
           
10.  
1839       ,        
  -,              
  
      ,    ,     
      
2.
3.  -            '       
         '   
: - 
 -  (1845-1846) 1857         
             
       ,     , 
       ,     , 
,              
 
      
,          
        ,         
        
        19
      
       ()  ,      
,       
              
        ,       
  -     
, 1839         
 -          
1.          
      ,            
 
            
    ,       
           , 
          ,      

2.
2.     
               
   ,       
     ,            
          ,      
              
      
3.        
 ,         ,  ,     ,
              
 '             
 
   ,       
    ,           -     
    
4.    
              1840 
 ,  ,           '   

             ',   
      
         ,         
             ,  
       
 
       
5.     
2.
      
             
             
         ,     
    
,  1845 ,            
 ,    '      
     (    )
     '  ,         
              
 
    :
  
  
  
  
    ,          
         
       
    ,      
  
1.     (  1846)
      -    '  
    :
1.        
      ,         -
      
2.
2.   
        (     )
    
3.  
       1.5        

    
  ,       
4.    
              
5.      
   ""        '    

 ,            
2.    (  1846)

    
  ,           
   75    
  
:
        
          
     '           
  
3.   ( 1846)
 ,           
   :
            
      ,        
      
2.
  ',       
 ,     
   
   
 -         :
1.       
      (1849   -   ),    
   
2.      
  ,            

3.  
        
4.   
   '   ,     -   

 -   
        -   
    ,     ,  , 
 ,    
       ,         
          ,    
 '            
  ,             
             ,   
  ,      
              :  
    ,       
2.
4.                  
       
:        
 ,       ,       
             
 -  
            ,   ,
      
1.   
  19
       (1816–1885)      
         ""      
  ()        
 
             ,  
      ,   ,     
   
 ,                
   
2.   
       
   :
   :           ' 

  :     , ,       ,
    
    :   ,    ,   
    
   :      ,    
           (-) 
    
          -      
     
3.   
     
      
2.
     :          ,  
      
 :           
'              

   :   ,        

    :       ,  
   

              
4.      
  
         :
1870   ,        '  , 

       
        1872 ,    
          
      ,     
   
      
5.   
      :
  -    :       -
,    -   
 
    :      ,     
 
  :  -  ,     
  
    :           
    
 ,               
    
6.   
  ',       :
2.
   :      ,  -
             
  :         
 
      :,       
     
 :     ,       
           
7.  
        ,      

:
       
          -  

          
    
5.                 '       
 '     ?
:              
         
 -       
            , 
                
       ,    ,    
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌    -      
           1919 ,   
             ,   
    
 ,    ,        
   
              
     
2.
              
      
,        

1.      
20
   ,             
  '             
  ,            -

,     ,       
   
,             
      
2.   -          
1919 ,      ,      
              
                
                 
      ',       '   

              ,  
     
        ,  
 ,       
,  ,      
        
'    
3.        
 ,    -     -    
               
   
10 , 1919 ,           
 
2.
     ,          
              ,  
   ,   '   ,    
  
               

4.    
   ,          
  ""            
    '   ,         

      
  
   – 13 , 1919
13     ,            
               
 

 ,              
,            
,            
  ,     '     
   
           -     
                 
-   
      
 1,650 
  
     379      ,    
   1,000           
2.
       ,     
      '  
       
 -       
      '     
1.      
   ,             
          ,    
      '      '  
  
 ,           '   ,
         
2.     
            ,    
  
 
   ,             
            
3.       
               
  ,     ,      
1920 ,     ,     ,  
       
             ,  
        ,      
  
2.
    -     
 -     

4.       
       
     ,              
                  
  
               
       
          
5.       
       ,       
  ,                
      
        ,      
 
    
  
 ,             
6.       
  ,       
                 
        
       ,    
 -    
    
2.

         -       
 
            ,   
            13 ,
1919  ,         
             , -
    ,    ,   
                 
      
                 -
           
,       ,        
   
      ,       
     
6.              
:        
  ,       , 20
      
  -           
 -
    ,   -        
,       
 ,     
 
1.  -  
 
19
    20
   ,     (   )
 (    )       :
  -      
      ,      ,  
        
2.
  ,         ,  
       -           
    
2.   
    ' 1920       ,   
  ,           

    :
   :           -
    
    : ,      ,   
    
:  ,           
       
 :       ,   
   ,      
3.   
1920         ,     
:
      (1921):        '
       ,         
       
 
--   (1922):       
          
  
 
  (1921):           
               
   
  (1923–25):        
 ,         
          
 -    
    
4.   
        :
2.
     :    -   

   :         
     
    :     ( ),   
    
 :   -       ,  
 
5.   
  ',      :
   :  '       
   ,      
:           
   ,          
 
    :         ,
      
  , 1925:       ,  
        ,    
(SGPC)        
6.    
       :
             
      (     
)            
            ,  
       
2.
7. 1947           
: - :     
?
1947  ,                
  ,     ,  -   - ,  
 -              ,  
     
,    '   :
   
        
 ,        ,      
    
1.  "     " 
                 
 "   "          
  ,              
 
 :
     ,         
    
         
 

     
 , ""           
       ,     
2.     
       '     
2.
           ,   
           
   ,
             
  1930  1940     ,     
               ,
         
   :
      
             

      ,       
3.     
1940 ,      '          
         
  :
    , -    - ,   
       
,       
    ,   -         
 ,      ,    
    ,     ?
       ?
     ?
     -       
4.        
2.
              
   ,     '         
          ,        
     
     ,      
  :
      
     
      
 ,               
,                
         
5.      
       
               
        ,       
  
          
  
      
      '  
              
-   ,  -     -     
     
6.    
               
2.
1946-47 ,         ,    ,
  '   
      '    
        ,      
   ,   '   ,       
      
              ,  
   
      '  ,        
7.    
    ,    '     '    
'        
           
,         
              
    
             
     -        
 
              
  ',        
  
8.       
  1947     ,       :
      
      
2.
              
     :
   
     
        ,       
       10  ,       
   
    -        
9.   : ,   ,   
  ,         
    :
    -      
          
  -  
   '     ,  -       
     -    

       
         :
      
   
  
    
  
  
     
   
2.
         
 ,       1947  ,        -
   
 ,    ,      

 
     
                

,           
 -  ,
  -          
    
      ,          
 
 ,          ;        
        
8. 1966        
:1966   ,    '   , 1966  
 ,               
        , ,     '   
       ,    ,     
 ,            
    ,            

󷊆󷊇:   
?
1947      ,       -   
               
              
       
1956 ,        '   , 
          -   
2.
( )     ( )   ,    
    
        ,     '  
       :         
 ,              
             ,     '
          
1960     ,            
   ,  1966      ,  1  1966 

󺅥󺅦󺅧󺅨󺅩       ?
              
      
1.   
            -  -   
1966  ,              
          ,  
,           
  
?

                ,
          
2.     ,         
  , ,    '        
                  
      
,                
   -  (
       ),   
        
2.
3.      
            
              
   ,       ,     '  
   
               -  
   
      ,         
  
 -     
4.          
              
    '      '      
             
        
󷷷󷷸      
       '  
󽆤1.  
      '      ,    
   - ,  ,     - ' 
   
󽆤2.        
             ,   
       
󽆤3.  
2.
          
     ,       
 
            
      
󽆤4.      
                 
        
󷷹󷷺  
   ,    

󽆶󽆷1.   
              ,   '  
      ,     ,      
 
󽆶󽆷2.      
  ,     -       -   
    ,         
 
󽆶󽆷3.   
    '  ,         '
  '   , 
          
    
           -   
   
󽆶󽆷4.    
  ,  ,          
      
2.
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃   
  1966      ?
      -  '   
    ,         
 ,    ,      '   

,       -         -  
 
              
          :      
              
   
󼪍󼪎󼪏󼪐󼪑󼪒󼪓
1966      '     
 -  ,  
     
    ,     ,   

               
,       ,         
      
"                 
 
          ,         
 "